Seven Ways Libertarians Sometimes Run Off the Rails

I’m a dedicated libertarian but my first allegiance is to accuracy.  It pains me when I see libertarians making arguments that are inaccurate, irrelevant, or just plain wrong.  When they do so, they do themselves and our movement a big dis-service.  I list seven such arguments here.  More could be added.

  1. The Fed is privately owned. This is true only superficially. Member banks own shares of stock in one of twelve district Federal Reserve Banks and they receive dividends on those shares. But they have little in the way of genuine ownership privileges. They cannot sell their stock and their voting rights are very limited. The President of the United States appoints the Board of Governors. Just because a legal arrangement is given labels that suggest private ownership, that doesn’t make it so.

  2. The Bureau of Labor Statistics disguises the true unemployment situation by excluding workers who are “discouraged,” i.e., not seeking jobs. This is true of the U-3 unemployment figure which is the most widely cited figure, and the one the Fed says it is targeting. That figure is currently about 6.5%. The BLS also publishes its U-6 figure, which includes discouraged workers and currently stands at around 13%, down from about 17% at the height of the Great Recession. The BLS is not covering up anything here, although politicians may certainly choose to emphasize one figure or the other depending on what ax they’re grinding. Which is the “true” unemployment rate? There’s no such thing. The figures are what they are and observers can make of them what they will.

  3. “Chain-weighted” versions of the Consumer Price Index are politically motivated.  These adjustments are intended to recognize the substitution effect, the classic example of which is when the price of beef rises and the price of chicken doesn’t, people eat less beef and more chicken. Peoples’ cost of living rises less than it otherwise would. CPI increases as measured by a chain-weighted formula reflect this fact, and the resulting price inflation estimates come out lower than under the old approach. That flashes a green light to some conspiracy theorists. While these adjustments are tricky business, substitution effects are real and the attempt to compensate for them should not be impugned.
  4. The Consumer Price Index is politically manipulated by excluding food and energy. There are many versions of the CPI. One of them excludes food and energy because those prices are usually very volatile. That figure may be useful to economists who want to filter out volatile effects and focus on secular trends. Again, the figures are what they are, and politicians or for that matter we bloggers can use or misuse them as we wish.

  5. “Banksters” control the U.S. government. There is a grain of truth in this one. The big banks are both victims and beneficiaries of government dominance of banking and finance. The reality of government regulation is that regulated firms employ many very smart and very well paid individuals who are constantly finding ways to manipulate or sidestep the regulations to which they are subject. The fact is that the regulators and the regulated are very thick. Banking and finance are controlled by a cabal of government and Wall Street firms and individuals. It’s a mistake to say that either group totally dominates the other.

  6. Global warming is a myth and a scam. Ron Paul, whom I admire very much, blotted his copy book when he said on Fox News, “The greatest hoax I think that has been around for many, many years if not hundreds of years has been this hoax on […] global warming.” A few basic facts are beyond dispute: (a) carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, (b) CO2 levels are at an all time high, and (c) human activity is the primary cause of the increase. Beyond that, the evidence starts to get sketchy and incomplete. We do seem to have melting polar ice caps, record high temperatures in some places, droughts, etc. But overall there has been almost no temperature increase during the last ten years or so.  Projections of rising temperatures and rising sea levels appear to be too pessimistic. This is a very complex issue and one where biases can overwhelm us if we aren’t careful. Statists are prone to accept the global warming thesis because they see it as a way to increase state power. Libertarians want the issue to go away for the same reason. This would be a great time for all parties to step back an exercise some epistemic humility. There’s a great deal about this issue that we just don’t know.

  7. Let’s get rid of the state entirely, and all will be well. Given the present primitive degree of evolution of our species, a new state will pop up wherever an existing one is overthrown. The key to peace and prosperity is not anything so simple as abolition of the state, but to convince enough people, thoroughly enough, of the advantages of long-term cooperation. Good institutions will follow.

Do we have a Natural Right to be Annoying?

by Fred Foldvary

Suppose somebody is walking along the sidewalk carrying a big sign saying “I hate you.” Is he violating your natural rights? Should the state prohibit him from being annoying? Does freedom imply being protected from being annoyed, or does it protect our right to be annoying?

The citizens of Brighton, Michigan, believe that we have a right to not be annoyed. In 2008 the city council enacted an ordinance authorizing the police to cite anyone who is annoying in public “by word of mouth, sign or motions.” Violators will pay a fine. Brighton is not alone in this war on annoyance. Royal Oak, Michigan, also had such an ordinance, which serves as a model for other cities to copy.

A common source of public annoyance in some cities are beggars who ask for money as one passes by or, worse, come up to you with a sad story. Now, with the anti-annoyance ordinance, one can call the police, and the beggar will have his food in jail if he refuses to accept the ticket.

In some places, guys walk down the street in baggy pants that hang low. Another annoyance is inconsiderate guys who walk around with a loud portable music player; the music itself is often cacophonous, hence annoying, Those who are annoyed by such fashion and bad taste can now call the police and ask to have the offenders cited.

In economics, uncompensated bad effects on others are called “negative externalities.” The textbooks say that government can correct this by charging the person who emits the externality for the social cost. Evidently Royal Oak and Brighton have implemented this principle. You annoy, you pay.

Unfortunately, if you walk into a shop and seek some service, but the worker there is yakking on her cell phone, it is very annoying, but in Brighton you may not call the police, since the shop is a private place.

But what if the police are annoying? The police should not be above the law. If you are annoyed by a police officer, you should be able to call other police and have the officer cited.

You get a traffic ticket and the judge pounds the gavel and declares, “guilty!” Very annoying, and the court is a public place. You can get back at the judge; call the police and have the judge cited! But that would annoy the judge, so he will have you cited too. Now you have become annoyed again, and can have the judge cited for citing you. After all, if judges are above the law, we have no law.

What a wonderful weapon is this anti-annoyance ordinance. If your neighbor annoys you by hanging underwear in his back yard, call the police! Threaten to cite him, and he will have to do as you say. But that might annoy him, and then you have to do what he says. Whoops, now they are both slaves of one another. At least it’s equal.

Children are often annoyed by the restrictions and punishments imposed by their parents. They can now do something about it. When they are shopping or otherwise out in public, parents are often annoyed by their children whining, crying, complaining. parents can now tell their children that they will call the police if the kids don’t stop being annoying.

Perhaps the residents of Brighton and Royal Oak find this editorial annoying. Too bad; they can’t do anything about it unless I show up in those towns. I will make sure I never enter those towns.

The unemployment rate in Michigan is nine percent, and its major city, Detroit, is in bankruptcy. What I want to know is, if the residents find the bad economy annoying, who gets cited?

(Note: this article is adapted from “Do we have a Constitutional Right to be Annoying?” in The Progress Report, 2009.)

Introducing the Weekly Wakeup

History is one of my passions and one I share with the late Murray Rothbard.  His examinations and refutations of the commonly accepted truth were one of my early inspirations into exploring libertarian thought.  I urge you to consider this quote from Plato’s Apology: “I am wiser than this man, for neither of us appears to know anything great and good; but he fancies he knows something, although he knows nothing; whereas I, as I do not know anything, so I do not fancy I do. In this trifling particular, then, I appear to be wiser than he, because I do not fancy I know what I do not know.”  This is the first in what should be a long series of weekly blurbs about common misconceptions and downright lies about history.  I will be looking forward to responses and suggestions for future topics in the comments.

Weekly Wakeup for 01-17-2014

Myth:  Early European colonists in North-America enacted a systemic genocide of native peoples from the start.

Reality: “The most hideous enemy of native Americans was not the white man and his weaponry, concludes Alfred Crosby,’but the invisible killers which those men brought in their blood and breath.’ It is thought that between 75 to 90 percent of all Indian deaths resulted from these killers.”

Another source confims:

“[B]ased on the data, the team estimates that the Native American population was at an all-time high about 5,000 years ago.

The population then reached a low point about 500 years ago—only a few years after Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World and before extensive European colonization began.

Study co-author Brendan O’Fallon, a population geneticist who conducted the research while at the University of Washington in Seattle, speculates that many of the early casualties may have been due to disease, which ‘would likely have traveled much faster than the European settlers themselves.’

For instance, the Franciscan friar Toribio de Benavente—one of the first Spanish missionaries to arrive in the New World in the early 1500s—wrote that Mexico was initially ‘extremely full of people, and when the smallpox began to attack the Indians, it became so great a pestilence among them … that in most provinces more than half the population died.'”

Myth: This disease epidemic was directly caused by settlers through planned biological warfare.

Reality:

Unfortunately for this thesis, we know of but a single instance of such warfare, and the documentary evidence is inconclusive. In 1763, [ed. Notably long after the “500 years ago” mark where the population was already markedly declined] a particularly serious uprising threatened the British garrisons west of the Allegheny mountains. Worried about his limited resources, and disgusted by what he saw as the Indians’ treacherous and savage modes of warfare, Sir Jeffrey Amherst, commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, wrote as follows to Colonel Henry Bouquet at Fort Pitt: ‘You will do well to try to inoculate the Indians [with smallpox] by means of blankets, as well as to try every other method, that can serve to extirpate this execrable race.'”

I would like to point out that this attack, if it ever did actually happen, was initiated not by individual settlers but instead by the military government in that region.  A group that I do not and would not defend under any circumstances.   I would also like to preemptively say that I am not attempting to justify the forced relocation of Native peoples later in history, wars waged by either side or the murder of civilians by either group.  Instead I merely wish to question the assertion that there was an intentional and premeditated genocide.  A fact that seems obvious when you consider up to 90% of the native population was already dead from disease before the first colonists even arrived.

Bons restaurantes e liberdade

Sugiro um “rolezinho” lá no meu blog para apreciar o tema citado no título. Digamos que é um aperitivo. 🙂

Whatever was true now was true from everlasting to everlasting….

A very interesting post popped up in the technology subreddit on reddit.com a couple of days ago.    It was simply titled “What reddit looked like 9 years ago”  and the content was “Exactly what it says on the tin”.   

A web archive of reddit nine years ago.  The real fun was in the comments though where a redditor with the highly appropriate and musically astute username of “WarOnErrorism” posted the following:   

Third fuckin page. “NSA Spied on U.N. Diplomats in Push for Invasion of Iraq “

Edit: And on the 6th page: “AT&T NSA Wiretap Whistleblower Marc Klein’s Story In His Own Words”

Edit 2: Same page: “Whistle-Blower Outs NSA Spy Room”  

Links added for posterity.  

Nearly a decade ago the truth was out in the open for anyone to see and it was ignored.

Is President Obama the culmination of American Marxism?

I recently tried my hand at prodding Jacques to blog more often about Marxism and Marxist thought. As an immigrant from a country with a strong Marxist tradition and – more importantly – with his educational background (Stanford’s sociology department in the late 60s/early 70s; arguably the time period with the most sophisticated understanding of Marxist thought ever), I think he provides readers with a nuanced and sharply critical glance into Marxism, something that is very tough to do. Alas:

Brandon: Thanks for the suggestion and for the incense. However, the charm of blogging has much to do for me with following whatever my inspiration whispers at any one time. Once in a while, it lands on Marxism, not often. When it does, it’s often in the context  of conversations in French with French speakers. (You may have noticed something on my blog called, “Le dernier Communiste.” )

To the extent that I am impelled to do the needful rather than the natural, I direct my steps to whatever I think I do well and that is also in demand. In general, I am not sure waking up Marx for the benefit of young Americans is useful or much in demand. Almost no one in America calls himself a Marxist anymore . (There were many when I was young.) The people who would have been Marxists in 1974 call themselves “environmentalists” today.  Aside from this, I suspect
that the Obama administration is the result of wet dreams by Marxists of my generation but I don’t know how to talk about it. It’s just my sense of smell telling me.

I make a mental note of your expressed demand for Marxist critiques. In the meantime, feel free to pillage whatever you find on the subject in my blogs.

Oh, I’ve pillaged. His knowledge of Marxism is too important for me to ignore it. You can find Jacques’s thoughts on Marxism here. Jacques is also working on his memoirs, and you can find excerpts of those here (it’s also located on the top right side of the blog’s navigation bar).

As far as President Obama being the culmination of American Marxism, I think Jacques is woefully wrong. However, I also think Jacques’s assessment of Marxism in the US today (it’s irrelevant) is spot on. There is a recent, well-written essay in Dissent by a political scientist at Columbia arguing that the Obama administration is simply kowtowing to a neoliberal (and, by extension, racist) agenda, and this, I think, suggests that my suspicions are correct.

Happy Holidays

I hope everybody is enjoying their holiday season. I know I have been. My apologies for how slowly things have been going here at NOL, but things’ll pick up again once the holidays are over and life gets back to normal.

I hope you all stay tuned!

Pope Francis: Does An Anti-Capitalist = A Socialist?

The Pope has made his opposition to capitalism clear and his words were scathing…

“Just as the commandment ‘Thou shalt not kill’ sets a clear limit in order to safeguard the value of human life, today we also have to say ‘thou shalt not’ to an economy of exclusion and inequality. Such an economy kills… A new tyranny is thus born, invisible and often virtual, which unilaterally and relentlessly imposes its own laws and rules. To all this we can add widespread corruption and self-serving tax evasion, which has taken on worldwide dimensions. The thirst for power and possessions knows no limits.”

This has led to praise and criticism from the right and the left. People have naturally views this within the right vs left dichotomy. I think it worth pointing out that libertarians of all varieties do not fit anywhere, comfortably, in this one dimensional paradigm, nor aught the Pope be expected to. He has been called a Marxist and had the economic failing of state socialism in Latin America and around the world flagged up, the assumption seems to be that if he is against the present model of capitalism he must be a socialist. The problem is the Pope may have made clear that he is in opposition to our present economic model he has not made clear what else he is against, (socialism) or what he supports.

What he has said on the matter and the clues to what he supports are as follows “I repeat: I did not talk as a specialist but according to the social doctrine of the church. And this does not mean being a Marxist.” The Pope indicates here that his stance on economics is only that which the Church has long-held. That he is simply re-iterating it’s doctrine, the only economic ideology based upon catholic social doctrine is Distributism… It is based on the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo Anno, and it is emphatically opposed to socialism. In the words one who inspired it:

“No one can be at the same time a sincere Catholic and a true Socialist” and “it is gravely wrong to take from individuals what they can accomplish by their own initiative and industry and give it to the community” – Pius XI.

The Popes Francis’s words on capitalism were no less scathing than his predecessor’s in Rerum Novarum. Pope Leo XIII spoke of “misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class” and how “a small number of very rich men” had been able to “lay upon the teeming masses of the labouring poor a yoke little better than that of slavery itself.” And Pope Francis’s use of the term “exclusion” I’d argue meaning exclusion from personal access to property, and the means to produce are a further clue to his distributist leanings.

So what do these distributists profess if they oppose both socialism and capitalism?

According to distributists, property ownership is a fundamental right and the means of production should be spread as widely as possible rather than being centralized under the control of the state (state socialism) or of accomplished individuals (laissez-faire capitalism). Distributism therefore advocates a society marked by widespread property ownership and, according to co-operative economist Race Mathews, maintains that such a system is key to bringing about a just social order. – Wikipedia

In truth we cannot know where the Pope stands on socialism other than what he has said. Until he say’s otherwise I think it’s safe to say there is no reason to suspect he is a socialist, or that his position is anything other than that which the church has long-held.

– Samuel Allen

Ah, se tivessem dado ouvidos às evidências científicas…

Lembra de todo “auê” em torno do Fome Zero? Aquele slogan bem breguinha de que quem tem fome quer furar fila, e tal? Pois é. Aí veio a POF de 2003 e descobriu-se que não havia tanto motivo para a choradeira. Muita gente calou a boca e saiu com o rabo entre as pernas, outras apelaram, etc.

Aí você pega um bom livro para ler, como o Heavy!  (HEAVY!: The Surprising Reasons America Is the Land of the Free-And the Home of the Fat, Springer Verlag) do Richard McKenzie, e encontra:

Today, the distribution of the country’s weight problems across income classes has reversed, as excess weight problems are disproportionately concentrated among the poor.

Como está no kindle, não tenho a página. Mas digo uma coisa: as evidências empíricas não são novas. O motivo de não se dar ouvidos às evidências é uma mistura de ignorância intencional (grupos de interesse) e não-intencional. Como sempre, a gente se lembra de como as más idéias também movimentam o mundo.

Evidentemente, não há nada de indigno ou de errado em faturar um hambúrguer de vez em quando. Como nos lembra Matt Ridley, em The Rational Optimist (P.S.):

Fire and cooking in turn then released the brain to grow bigger still by making food more digestible with an even smaller gut – once cooked, starch gelatinises and protein denatures, releasing far more calories for less input of energy. As a result, whereas other primates have guts weighing four times their brains, the human brain weighs more than the human intestine. Cooking enabled hominids to trade gut size for brain size.

Sim, também no Kindle. Bom, Matt Ridley está nos dando uma interessantíssima evidência de que o processo digestivo, hoje glamourizado pela comida barata (obrigado, produtividade elevada! Obrigado, mercados!) e farta que, sim, chega à mesa de muito mais gente do que no passado, pode ter sido uma das causas de nosso progresso.

Parece que teremos muito o que aprender (e comer…moderadamente) até chegarmos a um nível de compreensão mínimo acerca dos efeitos da ingestão de calorias em nossas vidas. Em verdade, em verdade, eu vos digo: nunca chegaremos a uma compreensão completa (Hayek!) e, portanto, muito mais cuidado e humildade deveriam ter nossos “iluminados” reguladores de agências governamentais: eles mesmos não sabem direito o que fazem (tal como nós). Ora, então porque lhes dar tanto poder para decidir sobre nossa dieta? Podemos votar livremente, mas devemos ser limitados no que desejamos de sobremesa? Não, obrigado.

Happy 100th Birthday to the Federal Reserve!

How have they done?  

  

Image

 

 

…oh.

Libertariansk feminism

Jag hävdar att det finns två metoder för att tänka på samhället, det strukturella och det principiella, och att god samhällsförståelse uppnås genom den rätta blandningen av de två. Det jag i den här texten kallar för strukturanalys går ut på att hitta mönster, samband och orsaker bakom olika samhällsfenomen. En feminist som jag själv påstår exempelvis att människor ofta förhåller sig till sig själva och till varandra utefter vad de har mellan benen i stället för vad de har mellan öronen. Jag bygger mitt påstående på vad jag har uppfattat för mönster i min omvärld (och i mig själv). Genom den principiella analysen förstår man mänskligt agerande (”ekonomi”) och vilka våra politiska moraliska plikter är.

Svagheterna med en strukturanalys är att den aldrig kan säga att någonting med nödvändighet måste vara sant. Eftersom varje ny observation av världen kan omkullkasta all tidigare inhämtad kunskap kan en strukturanalys bara säga vad som är mer eller mindre sannolikt. Den kan inte heller säga någonting om människovärde annat än som en viss persons nytta för ett specifikt ändamåls skull: om Gunnel hjälpte till att bygga ett hus har hon ett värde medan Gunnar som bara tittade på är värdelös. Det innebär att strukturanalyser har sina begränsningar. De kan av skäl som förklaras nedan aldrig ligga till grund för lagstiftning.

Principanalysens styrka är att den kan leverera nödvändiga sanningar, men kan å andra sidan (i politiska sammanhang) aldrig säga vad som är önskvärt. Genom en principanalys kan man förklara moralisk motivation, att varje individ har rätt till sig själv och det är fel att använda människor som medel och inte som självändamål, alltså människovärde, samt ekonomi, men man kan inte mot bakgrund av en principanalys säga vilken handling som därmed är önskvärd. Mänskliga principer kan i politiska sammanhang bara i generella termer klargöra orsakssambanden mellan ekonomiska fenomen, och säga när och varför det är fel att med våld inskränka på människors frihet.

Politisk-filosofiskt sett baseras vänsterideologier på strukturanalyser. Vänstertänkare förstår samhället genom att titta på motsättningar mellan kapital och arbete eller maktförhållanden mellan olika samhällsklasser. De pekar på sådana mönster och formulerar politik därefter. I den här bemärkelsen är hela socialismen en strukturanalytisk förklaringsmodell. Socialistiska tänkare uppfattar mönster i världen som de i efterhand utvecklar teoretiska förklaringar till. Teoretiseringen ska sedan visa varför människan bättre förvaltar sina resurser gemensamt än individuellt, att det senare bör betraktas som en stöld från allmänheten, och att olika regler och lagar måste instiftas för att begränsa kapitalets makt.

Vänstertänkare gör det grundläggande antagandet att samhället kan och bör dirigeras till att nå ett bättre tillstånd än det rådande. På grund av detta antagande har socialismens politiska gren alltid ett lösningsförslag på problem som uppmärksammas: det är bara att flytta resurser från ett ställe till ett annat, förbjuda en viss handelsform, höja en skatt eller sänka ett företag. Strukturanalysen gör socialismen politiskt attraktiv eftersom den till skillnad från sina principstyrda motståndare säger vad som bör göras i stället för vad som inte bör göras.

Feminismen är (delvis) strukturanalytisk. Jag påstår att vi i socialt samspel manifesterar kön i stället för människa och att detta mönster föder sig själv: den som lärt in ett beteende ägnar ett helt liv åt att utöva det, bekräfta det, och föra det vidare. Genom strukturanalysen kan vi förstå mycket av varför våldtäkter i störst utsträckning begås av män, varför flickor och pojkar ofta utvecklar kvinnliga respektive manliga personlighetsdrag, eller varför ett av könen är överrepresenterat i bolagsstyrelser. Vi kan tack vare strukturanalysen begripa generella normer och värderingar, men på grund av dess metodologiska brister kan analysen aldrig visa att någonting alltid är sant, eller att alla människor är på ett visst sätt. Feminismen måste vara ödmjuk och erkänna undantag: ingen kan antas vara skyldig innan så är bevisat.

På grund av dess metodologiska likheter absorberas feminismen lätt av socialismen. Strukturanalyserna smälter samman. Folk uppmärksammar i sin vardag sexism och samtidigt finns det politiker som säger att de kan lösa problemen – bingo för socialismen. Men när feministisk strukturanalys omvandlas till politik följer problemen som principanalysen uppmärksammar. Politiken kan inte erbjuda fullständig moralisk motivation och saknar därmed legitimitet; den använder människor som medel i stället för som självändamål, och den är oförenlig med principen att människan har en principiell rätt till sig själv. När socialism sväljer feminism växer båda, men inte utan offer.

*

Problemet för strukturanalysen är att den inte kan erkänna principanalysen utan att samtidigt rycka bort mattan under fötterna på sig själv. Om det är sant att människan har en principiell rätt till sig själv är ens egna grundantaganden felaktiga: man varken kan eller får koordinera om samhället ovanifrån. Alltså finns det inga skäl för en vänsterfeminist att acceptera principanalyser. Sådana är, eftersom de underminerar den egna positionen, definitionsmässigt felaktiga. Men vänsterfeminismen sträcker sig ännu längre än så och placerar principanalytisk metodologi under sin egen strukturanalys: idén att det skulle finnas evigt rådande principer är en manifestation av underliggande strukturer – det är patriarkatets sätt att befästa sin makt.

Undertecknad har privilegier i samhället. Jag är en vit, välutbildad, heterosexuell man. Generellt sett har jag tolkningsföreträde och njuter av ett större socialt utrymme än många andra. Det är en feministisk strukturanalys som med största sannolikhet stämmer. Men enligt en vänsterfeminist innebär det också att den här textens budskap är mindre viktigt än dess avsändare. Eftersom texten är avsedd att försvaga strukturanalytisk metod och slutsats måste avsändaren tas i beaktande, och det som strukturanalysen förklarar om avsändaren bekräftar att textens budskap är felaktigt: den här texten är självt en produkt av patriarkala strukturer och ska bekämpas, inte läsas. Vänsterfeminism är liksom socialismen ett slutet tankesystem. Allt som talar mot den egna positionen utgör bevis för den egna tesen. Det är oundvikligt. Om motsatsen – principanalytisk metod och slutsats – erkändes skulle ju i stället ens egen politik vara fel.

Detta speglar strukturanalytisk politiks första brott mot mänskliga principer, nämligen att den inte kan erbjuda individen moralisk motivation (politisk legitimitet). Strukturanalysen observerar mönster i verkligheten och fäller därefter slutsatser om vad som bör göras. Eftersom vänsterfeminism och socialism är politiska tankeverksamheter måste slutsatserna om vad som bör göras gälla alla. Skatten ska höjas också för dem som inte vill ha höjd skatt. Men eftersom strukturanalytisk metod bara kan peka på större eller mindre sannolikheter kan den inte ligga som grund till lagstiftning utan att samtidigt drabba alla människor och händelser som utgör undantag från det generella mönstret. En lag mot sexism gäller även för icke-sexister. Ett sådant förfarande erbjuder enbart moralisk motivation till dem som accepterar förfarandet. Det vill säga, strukturanalytisk politik är bara legitimt i strukturanalytikers ögon. Den som också värderar mänskliga principer kan omöjligtvis acceptera att en metod som inte kan säga vad som är sant ensamt erhåller status som sanningssägare: metoden är inte legitim om den utgör en tvingande kraft gentemot människor som saknar skäl att acceptera den.

Jämför med ett litet samhälle där alla invånare har observerat hur en tappad tändsticka orsakade en eldsvåda i ett visst hus. Alla var där och såg hur tändstickan tappades och antände byggnaden, så man stiftar en lag som förbjuder tändstickor. I stället för att producera tändstickor ska samhället börja subventionera företaget Tändare™. Men du råkar var den ende som också såg hur ägaren till Tändare™ dränkte huset i bensin innan elden bröt ut. Är samhällets agerande motiverat på ett sätt som alla invånare har skäl att acceptera? Nej. Det bygger på en strukturanalys och strukturanalyser kan bara peka på större eller mindre sannolikheter. I det här fallet var analysen felaktig (eftersom den saknade minst en observation) och genererade samhällsbeslut som strider mot mänskliga principer. Man kan aldrig veta om strukturanalysen saknar en observation och alltså kan den inte ligga till grund för legitim lagstiftning.

Vänsterdebattörer menar då att man måste kläcka ägg för att göra omelett, alltså att enskilda individer måste komma i kläm för helhetens skull. Det är ett påstående som av sin natur inte kan erkänna mänskliga principer: individer reduceras av strukturanalysen till enheter som mönster utspelar sig genom. I egenskap av enheter är människor väldigt enkla att flytta omkring. Det är bara att utdela order i form av lagar. Men när man gör det bryter man mot en av de mest fundamentala principerna för mänsklig samlevnad, den som säger att det är fel att behandla människor som medel och inte som ändamål i sig. Som strukturanalytiker fäller man omdömet att samhället med en viss sannolikhet ser ut på ett visst sätt, och att det vore bättre om det i stället skulle se ut på ett annat. Om man på vägen dit måste straffa oskyldiga eller på annat sätt utnyttja somliga individer är sådana handlingar lika önskvärda som ändamålet självt. Den enskilde människan saknar helt värde bortom sin funktion för samhällets skull.

Människans egenvärde måste alltid förbises av en strukturanalys. De går inte att förena. Man kan försöka att vara så försonlig som möjligt och i största möjliga mån undvika att kränka egenvärdet, men grundbulten kvarstår: om en strukturanalys anammas så har inte individen respekterats då hennes självbestämmanderätt förutsätter att hon själv ska få välja att omfattas av strukturanalytisk policy eller inte. När detta frånsteg redan har gjorts, till vad hänvisar den strukturanalytiker som påstår sig i största möjliga mån respektera den enskilda människan? Hon kan inte hänvisa till människans rätt till sig själv utan att underminera sin egen position. Påståendet är helt enkelt tomt. Strukturanalytikern har redan fattat beslutet att genomföra den politik som hon själv formulerat, och eftersom detta beslut är fattat kommer hon om politiken kräver det också att frångå sitt påstående att respektera den enskilda människan. Rent metodologiskt kan människor aldrig bli mer än kalkylerbara enheter i en strukturanalys.

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Ovanstående är filosofiska abstraktioner, men som sådana kan de också användas för att beskriva vad som sker i verkligheten. När feminism sväljs av socialism följer politiska lösningsförslag på sociala problem. Den aktuella debatten om kvotering är utmärkt för att gestalta de filosofiska abstraktionerna. En strukturanalys som (korrekt) har uppmärksammat att män är överrepresenterade i bolagsstyrelser över hela världen ligger till grund för kvoteringspolitik. En viss kvot mellan kvinnor och män ska uppnås med hjälp av lagstiftning. Syftet varierar – ibland är det för att företagen ska gå bättre, vilket påstås bära stöd i en annan strukturanalys, men oftast antas jämställdhet i bolagsstyrelser vara ett självändamål. Detta förfarande är oetiskt på många sätt, vilket vänsterfeminister ibland erkänner fast viftar bort, men om man gör en principanalys ur ett genusperspektiv ser man att det är också antifeministiskt. De tre problemen – moralisk motivation, att människor ses som medel och inte som ändamål, samt självägandeskapet – är med nödvändighet närvarande.

Människorna i (och utanför) styrelserna drabbas av vänsterfeministisk kvoteringspolitik då denne endast erbjuder moralisk motivation till dem som redan accepterar vänsterfeminismen. De som blir inkvoterade vet inte om de har sin styrelsepost på grund av sitt kön eller sin kompetens, och samma sak gäller de som blir utkvoterade. De kvinnor som redan hade en styrelsepost befinner sig dagligen i en miljö som präglas av ojämlikhet: de är undantag i ett sammanhang som i största del utgörs av män, och som sådana möter de redan i egenskap av kvinnor motstånd. Om kvoteringspolitiken implementeras måste de nu inte bara jobba dubbelt så hårt för att visa sin kompetens i en sexistisk miljö – de måste också svara för vänsterfeministisk politik. Att de faktiskt skulle göra sitt jobb bra på grund av vad de har mellan öronen och inte mellan benen ifrågasätts nu två gånger i stället för bara för en. Kvoteringspolitiken utgår från att kvinnor till skillnad från män behöver laga stöd för att nå styrelseposter. Det är en cementering av könsskillnader, inte en förändring: man har lyft kvinnor i håret tills de hänger i samma höjd som männen. Hur många i styrelserummen har skäl att respektera lagen när dess blotta existens antar att de i styrelserummen inte själva kan göra rätt sak? Kvotering är ur detta perspektiv ett antifeministiskt legitimitetsproblem.

För att genomföra en kvotering måste människorna reduceras till kalkylerbara enheter. De kan inte betraktas som människor och samtidigt lyftas i håret. Det vill säga, om vänsterfeminismen ens från början hade erkänt att kvinnor inte enbart är kvinnor, utan faktiskt människor, så har de nu definitivt gjutit i sten att kvinnor bara är medel som kan användas vid behov. Feminismens historia handlar om att kvinnor skulle frigöras från maktens våld och erkännas som fullständiga individer: de skulle erhålla äganderätt, arvsrätt och rösträtt, och på samma villkor som alla vuxna människor såväl stå till svars för sina handlingar som i domstol kunna kräva sin rätt gentemot andra. Denna individstatus som feminismen slagits för i århundraden vill strukturanalytiker ta från kvinnor. Vänsterfeminismen vrider klockan bakåt till den tid då kvinnor betraktades av stat och politik som egendom. Det talar för att vänsterfeminister själva har feministisk självrannsakan kvar att göra: de utgår från att de har rätt att betrakta kvinnor som saker i stället för som människor.

I grund och botten sammanfattas ändå dessa problem genom tesen om människans rätt till sig själv. Om det är sant att människan har rätt till sig själv, vilken rätt har då vänsterfeminister att lagstifta att kvinnor inte bemöts i egenskap av människor, utan kön? Det är en sak att uppmärksamma fenomenet socialt, vilket det är min mening att alla borde göra, men att stifta lagar som säger att kvinnor definitionsmässigt – som om det alltid var fallet – bemöts som någonting annat än människor är att kränka kvinnors rätt till sig själva. Ingen har rätt att i lag slå fast att den bild en kvinna har av sig själv inte stämmer, att hennes sätt att uttrycka sig är fel, att hon inte förtjänat sina framgångar eller – ännu värre – att hon inte klarar att skapa sina egna framgångar. Kvotering tar kvinnors rätt och möjlighet att uppleva stolthet över sina prestationer. Enligt lagen är de bara kvinnor – enheter i systemet och produkter av strukturer som definitionsmässigt inte är självständiga och fullvärdiga människor.

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Libertariansk feminism anammar både en strukturanalys och en principanalys, men skiljer också mellan socialt och politiskt. Lagar kan endast stiftas mot bakgrund av människans rätt till sig själv, vilket innebär att lagen – på sin höjd! – ska garantera att människor inte kränker varandras frihet att själva utöva sin rätt till sig själva. Den här texten behöver ingen fullständig introduktion till libertarianism, men om en eventuell läsare äger en lagbok kan hon riva ut ungefär fyra tusen sidor ur den för att få en uppfattning om hur tjock en lagbok egentligen borde vara. Orsakerna är flera. Framför allt kan man, vilket har redogjorts för ovan, inte stifta lagar i annat än människans själväganderätt. Men all annan lagstiftning medför också sekundära effekter. Då strukturanalytisk politik reducerar människor till enheter gör politiken anspråk på att äga det moraliska ansvar som människorna annars förvaltar.

Politik som försöker att lösa problemet med sexism och ojämlikhet riktar sig till ytan, inte till problemets kärna. Det är könsfördelningen i styrelserummet som rättas till, inte de hjärnor som hellre anställer män än kvinnor: strukturanalytiska politiker är mer måna om att det som syns ska vara tillfredsställande än att strukturerna själva ska förändras. De underliggande strukturerna berörs inte av strukturanalytisk politik, utan av strukturanalytiskt socialt engagemang. I ett vänsterpolitiskt samhälle blir det politikens, inte människornas, uppgift att förändra det som är fel socialt. Det medför av naturliga skäl minskade tendenser till och incitament att arrangera om samhället underifrån. Om man uppmärksammar ett problem i ett samhälle där politiken har rollen som problemlösare – varför ska man då själv lösa problemet?

Det som från vänsterfeministiskt håll betraktas som principanalysens svaghet, att den inte kan säga vad som bör göras utan endast vad som inte bör göras, är nyckeln till den rätta blandningen mellan struktur- och principanalys. Strukturanalysen kan inte heller säga vad som bör göras, utan bara vad som med större eller mindre sannolikt är önskvärt enligt samma analys. Återigen: det slutna tankesystemet genererar sina egna slutsatser. Principanalysen förklarar varför samhällets tvingande institutioner, lagen och rättsväsendet, enbart ska utgöra spelregler som medlar mellan oförenliga viljor inuti samhället: det är fel att med våld tvinga någon att underkasta sig ett beslut vars underlag de inte accepterar. Det innebär att principanalytisk politik helt avstår från att fälla omdömen om i vilken riktning samhället bör röra sig. Sådana omdömen är nämligen inte politiska, utan sociala. Om färdriktningen lagstiftas om följer oundvikligen de problem som redogjorts för ovan, men därtill berövas de som lyder under lagstiftningen sitt ansvarsutrymme om den sociala sfären politiseras. Precis som att den privata industrin inte tillverkar bilar om staten bedriver bilproduktion överlåter enskilda individer sitt moraliska ansvar för omvärlden till staten om den bedriver färdriktningspolitik.

Att socialismen har absorberat feminismen innebär att ett gigantiskt problemområde lyfts från den sociala sfären till den politiska. Det är som att göra politik av sitt rökberoende i stället för att sluta röka. Signalerna som politiken sänder, att de bär ansvar för privatlivet, ger förstås också effekt: om människan inte förväntas ta ansvar gör hon inte heller det. Eftersom politiken inte kan lösa problemet, utan snarare tvärtom eftersom de rör till det på ytan, är vänsterfeminismen ett hot mot feminismen. Den sliter hela frågan itu och gömmer den faktiska ojämlikheten och sexismen under pseudodebatter om hur, inte varför, politiken ska lösa problemen. Sjukdomen försvinner inte för att vänsterfeminismen medicinerar symptomen – den fortsätter att förpesta tillvaron för miljoner människor samtidigt som politiker av väljartaktiska skäl diskuterar vilken slags medicin som bör ordineras.

Libertariansk feminism sluter sig till feminismens historia: alla vuxna människor ska stå som fria jämlikar inför lagen oavsett kön, sexuell identitet och preferens, och så vidare. Kampen om juridisk jämlikhet är fruktansvärt viktig, och den är helt och hållet politisk trots att den härleds ur principen om människans rätt till sig själv. Men därtill är den libertarianska feministen också engagerad privat, så som förväntas av alla politisk-libertarianska sympatisörer. Det finns sociala problem som sexism och rasism och som politisk libertarian måste man både erkänna och motarbeta sådana fenomen. Då är strukturanalysen ovärderlig. Den används inte till att bygga politik, utan till att bygga samhällelig gemenskap.

Pope Francis on Economics

by Fred E. Foldvary

Any statements which deplore “trickle down” economics reveal that the author has not quite yet grasped the heart of economics.

On November 26, 2013, The Vatican press published the apostolic exhortation, “The Joy of the Gospel.” The text was written in Spanish, and its full title in the English translation (converted here from upper case to initial capitals) is “Evangelii Gaudium of the Holy Father Francis to the Bishops, Clergy, Consecrated Persons and the Lay Faithful on the Proclamation of the Gospel in Today’s World.” Besides its religious calls, Pope Francis makes statements about today’s economic problems, and calls for greater economic justice.

One of the aims of this proclamation is to point out “new paths for the Church’s journey in years to come.” One of the questions the Pope seeks to discuss is “the inclusion of the poor in society.” Chapter Two is entitled, “Amid the Crisis of Communal Commitment.” In paragraph 52, Francis writes that “today we also have to say ‘thou shalt not’ to an economy of exclusion and inequality. Such an economy kills… Today everything comes under the laws of competition and the survival of the fittest, where the powerful feed upon the powerless.”

The Pope is wise and correct in seeing the harm done by inequality, but I urge him to see past the appearances to study the underlying reality. What provides the powerful with their might? The state has the ultimate power of force, and by its power to tax, to restrict, to mandate, and to subsidize, the state endows the powerful with the means to feed on the powerless. Market competition as such cannot impose force, and it does not create poverty. In a free society, each person has the power to be employed and pursue happiness. In a truly free market, all are fit to survive, because workers have access to natural opportunities. It is government intervention that stops this access.

Paragraph 54 is the key, widely cited, economic passage. We need to be sure that the English version is true to the original Spanish. In Spanish, Francis wrote, “algunos todavía defienden las teorías del « derrame », que suponen que todo crecimiento económico, favorecido por la libertad de mercado, logra provocar por sí mismo mayor equidad e inclusión social en el mundo.”

The Vatican’s English translation says, “some people continue to defend trickle-down theories which assume that economic growth, encouraged by a free market, will inevitably succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the world.”

The English-edition term “trickle-down theories” is translated from the Spanish, “teoria del derrame.” “Derrame” means a slow leak, hence a trickle, and so the English translation is accurate. The translated term “free market” is more literally “the liberty of the market” in the original Spanish, but the meaning is the same.

As noted by Harvard professor Greg Mankiw in his blog, critics of markets often use the term “trickle down” as a pejorative for the effects of a market economy. There is indeed a trickle down effect, for example, when a tourist resort is built in a location with many poor people, where a few get hired to work to clean rooms and wash dishes. A bit of the wealth of the resort trickles to the local population. But this situation does not confront the issue of why the poverty exists in the first place.

The theory of the free market is not one of “trickle down.” A truly free market is a fountain that gushes up wealth for all. Moreover, economic growth in market economies has indeed raised millions of persons up from poverty. However, the theory of market-driven growth does not claim that growth brings justice. The causation is the opposite: economic justice promotes growth. Moreover, justice and liberty are two faces of the same coin, so if a market has liberty, it must also provide justice.

The Pope continues: “This opinion, which has never been confirmed by the facts, expresses a crude and naïve trust in the goodness of those wielding economic power and in the sacralized workings of the prevailing economic system.”

But the proposition that free markets provide growth that benefits all is not a mere opinion. The proposition is a theory of growth that was first analyzed by the French economists of the 1700s, who concluded that the unhampered market, with free trade, would provide the greatest prosperity for all.

The prescription of the French economists was to abolish taxes on labor and trade, and instead use the surplus of the economy, which is land rent, for public revenue. Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations brought this theory into classical economics. The American economist Henry George a century later explained in detail how land rent captures the gains from economic progress, and how growth generates inequality and poverty if that rent is not equally shared.

Markets have had various degrees of freedom, but there is no truly free market in the world today. Those who advocate a pure free market do not defend the “prevailing economic system,” but rather, they seek to stop the state’s subsidy of economic powers. The greatest subsidy and economic power is the land rent generated by the public goods provided by government.

The Pope is correct in decrying “the denial of the primacy of the human person” (paragraph 55) and that “Behind this attitude lurks a rejection of ethics” (57). Ethics and the primacy of the human person requires the equal right of each person to pursue happiness without harming others and to keep the earnings of his labor, as recognized by the commandment, “Thou shalt not steal.” Ethics must also respect the equal sharing of the benefits of nature and community, as stated in Ecclesiastes 5:9, “the profit of the earth is for all.”

The heart of economics is the understanding of the root cause of poverty: the forced redistribution of wealth from the working poor to the landed rich. This is caused not by markets but from state policy. It is good that Pope Francis seeks to remedy poverty. His “new path” should be to go more deeply into the economics and politics of maldistribution.

Cell Phones on Airliners?

The FAA recently decided, tentatively, that cell phone use would be OK on commercial airplanes. But forthwith, moans went up from near and far and the FAA backed off. Lots of travelers understandably dread the prospect of captivity to loud conversations by boors seated inches away from them. It’s unclear at this time what the final decision will be.

Why does it never occur to anyone to let the owners of the airplanes decide this issue? They could experiment with various policies ranging from outright bans to unlimited use with all sorts of possibilities in between. Following Amtrak and some commuter railroads that have quiet cars, they could establish a no-talk section of the airplane like the non-smoking sections of yore. Or they could try pleading with talkers. Soon enough they will discover what their customers want and competitive pressures would force all airlines to fall into line.

That sort competitive experimentation works quite well in many market segments, as a moment’s reflection will confirm. So why do we hear nothing about this simple solution for the cell phone problem? Part of the answer, I fear, is that so many people are resigned to letting bureaucrats set the rules for practically all of life. An extreme example of this attitude is the kind of message that appears in my spam folder with a subject like “Obama lowers re-fi rates.” Of course this is nonsense but it suggests that a good many people think Obama has the power to set re-fi rates and worse: that it’s perfectly OK for him to wield such dictatorial powers.

Back to cell phones on airplanes: the whole issue came about as a result of determinations by the FAA technical staff that cell phone signals don’t really interfere with airplane communications as had been feared. That suggests a more difficult question: suppose there were credible evidence that cell phone use really was a threat to airplane communications. Should the FAA be empowered to ban cell phone use? I suggest that it does not. The airlines have an enormous incentive to avoid interference problems. If they were free to make their own decisions about this (again, assuming there was credible evidence of a real problem), their lawyers would be all over them about instituting their own prohibitions. The owners of the control towers (I’m envisioning a privatized FAA) would have strong incentives as well. Many passengers would be aware of the issue and would press for bans.

We have here another example of what a tough job we face, those of us who advocate free markets. The general public, Mencken’s “booboisie” if you will, hasn’t the mental horsepower to envision even modest deviations from the command and control paradigm that is smothering our society.

The Canons of Economics

by Fred E. Foldvary

A “canon” is a set of items which are regarded by the chiefs of a field to be the accepted elements of the domain. Every religion, for example, has a canon of accepted ideas and documents such as the established books of the Bible. Every scientific field has a canon of propositions and facts accepted as genuine by the experts and by those in authority such as editors of the major journals and most members of the departments of the prominent universities.

The canon of economics consists of the propositions, methods, and historical facts accepted as true and applicable by most scholarly economists. This canon appears in textbooks and in the articles of the prominent journals. The ideas and methods outside the canon are referred to as heterodox economics, in contrast to the mainstream or orthodox canon. There have been articles and organizations about the mainstream and alternative canons, but they have not laid out what the canons consist of. Here is my attempt.

The canon of orthodox neoclassical economics consists of 1) supply and demand; 2) graphical curves of equal utility, inputs, and output; 3) marginal analysis (additional amounts of utility, inputs, outputs); 4) the factors or input variables of capital goods and labor; 5) the price level; 6) equations of production and utility; 7) the government-influenced money supply and the market-based velocity of the circulation of money; 8) economic and accounting profit; 9) market failure and government corrections; 10) equilibrium; 11) maximizing and minimizing within constraints; 12) the premises of subjective values, self-interest, scarcity, unlimited desires, and the uncertainty of the future; 13) the “time preference” for present day good relative to future goods; 14) the trade-off between goods and leisure; 15) the trade-off between equity and efficiency; 16) diminishing marginal utility; 17) diminishing marginal products; 18) theory from mathematical models; 19) econometric testing of hypotheses; 20) the producer and consumer surplus.

Neoclassical economics is divided into several sub-schools for macroeconomic theory. The major schools and their canons are:
1) Keynesian or demand-side economics, with the canons of the consumption function, spending multiplier, and the determination of output from autonomous spending and the multiplier.
2) The Monetarist school, its canon being the equation of exchange: Money times velocity equals the price level times real output, hence monetary inflation generally causes price inflation.
3) The New Classical school with its canon of rational expectations, which makes inflationary policy ineffective.
4) The New Keynesian school with its canon of wages, prices, and interest rates stuck above equilibrium; it accepts New-Classical rational expectations but claims that contracts and other rigid conditions make expansionary policy effective in increasing output.

The heterodox Austrian economic school of thought accepts these elements of neoclassical economics:1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20. Austrians reject the excessive emphasis on 6, 9, 10, 11, 18, 19. The canons of the Austrian school that have not been absorbed into the mainstream are: 1) the time and interest-based structure of capital goods; 2) market dynamics rather than equilibrium; 3) dispersed knowledge; 4) discrete marginal utility based on diminishing importance; 4) axiomatic-deductive theory (praxeology); 5) entrepreneurship as both discovery and creative reconstruction; 6) free-market money and banking; 7) roundabout production; 8) the market as spontaneous order; 9) the failure of government intervention; 10) the evenly rotating economy that illustrates the role of entrepreneurship in the real world of uncertainty and change.

The Marxist school canon includes 1) class struggle, 2) the labor theory of value; 3) the surplus from labor taken by the capitalists who dominate labor; 4) benefits from socializing wealth.

The Georgist or geo-classical school has these canons: 1) land and its rent as major elements of the economy; 2) the margin of production as the least productive land in use; 3) land speculation and the movement of the margin raising rent and reducing wages; 4) the creation of land rentals from public goods; 5) depressions resulting from land-value bubbles; 6) economic effects of replacing market-hampering market-hampering taxes and subsidies with land-value taxation; 7) the surplus as land rent; 8) the ethics of labor and land; 9) harmony between equity and efficiency, and 10) the social behavioral effects of economic justice.

There is also a school of thought called “public choice,” which has been accepted by neoclassical economics as well as by other schools, as a side branch. Its canon includes: 1) self-interest in politics; 2) the rational ignorance of voters; 3) transfer-seeking and getting due to concentrated interests and spread-out costs; 4) vote trading by representatives; 5) bureaucrats maximizing their power and comfort; 6) the primacy of the median voter; 7) constitutional versus operational choice; 8) clubs that provide collective goods to their members.

The classical economics canon, before it turned neoclassical, included these elements: 1) Say’s law, that production pays factors that enable effective demand; 2) the division of labor; 3) economic growth from unhampered production and free trade; 4) the margin of production as the least productive land in use; 5) population growth pushing the margin to less productive land; 6) the three factors of production as land, labor, and capital goods.

A problem in economics today is that each canon excludes the useful elements of other schools. Economics needs a universalist canon that integrates the best elements from all schools of thought. However, economists disagree on what the canon should be. In my judgment, the most glaring omission in the mainstream canon is the neglect of the Austrian-school time-structure of capital goods, its neglect of the creation of land rent by public goods, and its neglect of the benefits of a prosperity tax shift, the replacement of market-hampering taxes with market-enhancing payments of land rent and pollution charges.

Note: This article first appeared in the Progress Report.

Lost Innocence.

One of the defining features of a “free society” is that the citizens in such a society are innocent of crimes unless proven otherwise by a body that can be trusted to be impartial in its deliberations. In other words, the right to a fair trial and the belief in innocence until guilt is proven. This natural right was guaranteed to United States citizens in the U.S. BIll of Rights under the 4th, 5th and 6th amendments of the Constitution.

Time and again in modern America that right is ignored by those whose job it is to protect it. Recently a particularly vile example took place near Houston, Texas. The article speaks for itself but to make a long story short police invaded the personal lives and property of two individuals under no legal pretense. The message is clear, we are not secure in our persons or our properties if the police decide we are of particular interest to them. These officers will likely go unpunished and even if disciplinary measures are taken they will not be the same measures as if, lets say, I removed two people from a car at gun point, bound them, and held them hostage for eleven hours. There are two sets of laws, one for the people and the other for the state.